Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System

Guide: Background | Statistics | Analysis | Implementation |
Countermeasures: List | Tool | Matrices | Case Studies | Resources

References

CHAPTER 1: The Big Picture

  1. Pivo, G and J.D. Fisher. The Walkability Premium in Commercial Real Estate Investments. Real Estate Economics, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2011, pp. 185-219.
  2. Sivak, M. and B. Schoettle. Update: Percentage of Young Persons with a Driver’s License Continues to Drop. Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 341-341.
  3. Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center. The National Bicycling and Walking Study: 15-Year Status Report. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2010.
  4. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2011 Data: Pedestrians. United States Department of Transportation. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811754AR.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2013.
  5. United States Federal Highway Administration. National Household Travel Survey 2009. United States Department of Transportation. http://nhts.ornl.gov/. Accessed May 22, 2013.
  6. Federal Highway Administration, Evaluation of Lane Reduction “Road Diet” Measures on Crashes, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2010. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/10053/10053.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2013.
  7. Appleyard, Donald, Livable Streets, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1981.
  8. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Roadside Design Guide, Washington, DC, October 1988.
  9. Axelson, P.W., D.Y. Chesney, D.V. Galvan, J.B. Kirshbaum, P.E. Longmuir, C. Lyons, and K.M. Wong, Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, July 1999.

CHAPTER 2: Pedestrian Crashes

  1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2011 Data: Pedestrians. United States Department of Transportation. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811754AR.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2013.
  2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2010 Data: Pedestrians. United States Department of Transportation. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811625.pdf. Accessed Aug. 20, 2012.
  3. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2001. United States Department of Transportation. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2001.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2013.
  4. Berube, A., Deakin, E., and S. Raphael. Socioeconomic Differences in Household Automobile Ownership Rates: Implications for Evacuation Policy. http://gsppi.berkeley.edu/faculty/sraphael/berubedeakenraphael.pdf. Accessed Sep. 20, 2012.
  5. United States Federal Highway Administration. National Household Travel Survey 2009. United States Department of Transportation. http://nhts.ornl.gov/. Accessed Sep. 20, 2012.
  6. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARSTM). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html. Accessed May 22, 2013.
  7. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Pedestrian Crash Report. Publication DOT HS 810 968. United States Department of Transportation. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810968.pdf. Accessed Aug. 20, 2012.
  8. Carter, D.L and Council, F.M. Factors Contributing to Pedestrian and Bicycle Crashes on Rural Highways – Final Report. University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC, 2006. http://www.hsisinfo.org/pdf/HSIS-Rural-PedBike-Final-Report.pdf
  9. Staplin, L. Lococo, K., Byington, S. & Harkey, D. Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians. (Report No. FHWA-RD-01-051). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration; 2001.
  10. Staplin L, Lococo K, Byington S, Harkey D. Guidelines and Recommendations to Accommodate Older Drivers and Pedestrians. (Report No. FHWA-RD-01-051). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration; 2001.
  11. U.K. Department of Transportation, Killing Speed and Saving Lives, London, 1987.

CHAPTER 3: Selecting Improvements for Pedestrians

  1. Snyder, M., and R. Knoblauch, Pedestrian Safety: The Identification of Precipitating Factors and Possible Countermeasures (2 Vols.), Report No. DOT-HS-800-403, NHTSA, Washington, DC, January 1971.
  2. Knoblauch, R., W. Moore, Jr., and P. Schmitz, Pedestrian Accidents Occurring on Freeways: An Investigation of Causative Factors, Accident Data, Report No. FHWA-RD-78-159/171, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1978.
  3. Knoblauch, R., Causative Factors and Countermeasures for Rural and Suburban Pedestrian Accidents: Accident Data Collection and Analyses, Report No. DOT HS-802-266, NHTSA, Washington, DC, June 1977.
  4. Hunter, W., J. Stutts, W. Pein, and C. Cox, Pedestrians and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990s, Report No. FHWA-RD-95-163, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, June 1996.
  5. D.L. Harkey, J. Mekemson, M.C. Chen, and K. Krull, Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool, Product No. FHWA-RD-99-192, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, December, 1999.
  6. Zegeer, C. and C. Seiderman, “Designing for Pedestrians,” Chapter 19, The Traffic Safety Toolbox—A Primer on Traffic Safety, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1999.
  7. Zegeer, C.V. and S.F. Zegeer, Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures, NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice No. 139, Transportation Research Board, November 1988.
  8. Zegeer, C., “Engineering and Physical Measures to Improve Pedestrian Safety,” in Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, August 1990.
  9. Zegeer, C. and S. Zegeer., “Engineering: Designing a Safer Walking Environment,” Traffic Safety, Vol. 88, No. 1 (January/February 1988).

CHAPTER 5: THE COUNTERMEASURES

Introduction

  1. NCHRP Synthesis 321: Roadway Safety Tools for Local Agencies.  Available:  http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/resources/fhwasa09027/resources/NCHRP%20Syn%20321%20Roadway%20Safety%20Tools%20for%20Local%20Agencies.pdf

Along the Roadway / At Crossing Locations / Transit

  1. Campbell, B., C. Zegeer, H. Huang, and M. Cynecki, Pedestrian Safety Research in the U.S., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, October 1999.
  2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities, July 2004.
  3. ITE Traffic Engineering Council. Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities: A Recommended Practice of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal, Vol. RP-026A, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1998.
  4. Federal Highway Administration. Design Guidelines: Accommodating Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel – A Recommended Approach. A US DOT Policy Statement on Integrating Bicycling and Walking into Transportation Infrastructure, 2002.
  5. U.S. Access Board. Accessibility Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-Of-Way, proposed guidelines. Washington, D.C., 2011.
  6. Eun, P. and F. Ranck, Designing for Pedestrian Safety Webinar Series – Part 2: Sidewalk Design (PBIC Webinar, 2010). http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/training/webinars_PBIC_DPS.cfm.
  7. Kirschbaum, J. et al., Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, September 2001.
  8. Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2009.
  9. Zegeer, C., J. Stuart, and H. Huang, Safety Effects of Marked vs. Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Crossing Locations, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2001.
  10. ITE TENC Technical Committee 109-01 (2010). Pavement Marking Patterns Used at Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossings, Publication No. IR-131, Institute of Traffic Engineers, Washington, DC.
  11. Proven Safety Countermeasures: Medians and Pedestrian Crossing Islands in Urban and Suburban Area.  Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, 2012.  Available:  http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/provencountermeasures/.
  12. City of Cambridge, MA, Preliminary Results: Effects of Columbia Street Traffic Calming Project on Driver Behavior, April 2000.
  13. Gibbons, R.,B, C. Edwards J, B. Williams, and C. Andersen K. Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks, Report No. FHWA-HRT-08-053, Federal Highway Administration, 2008.  Available:  http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/08053/index.cfm
  14. Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/08053/index.cfm
  15. Pedestrian Lighting in New Jersey: A Means to Improve Pedestrian Safety. http://njbikeped.org/portfolio/pedestrian-lighting-in-new-jersey/
  16. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) published the RP-8-00 for Roadways Lighting in 2000, which incorporates pedestrian lighting needs into its roadway lighting recommendations.
  17. Bowman, B.L., J.J. Fruin, and C.V. Zegeer, Planning, Design, and Maintenance of Pedestrian Facilities, Report No. FHWA-IP-88-019, Federal Highway Administration, October 1988.
  18. Hughes, H., H. Huang, C. Zegeer, and M. Cynecki, Evaluation of Automated Pedestrian Detection at Signalized Intersections, Report No. FHWA-RD-00-097, Federal Highway Administration, August 2001.
  19. Fischer, E. et al., Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility in Europe, Report No. FHWA-PL-10-010, Federal Highway Administration, February 2010.
  20. Fayish, A. and F. Gross, Safety Effectiveness of Leading Pedestrian Intervals Evaluated by a Before-After Study with Comparison Groups, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2010. http://trb.metapress.com/content/b34p020765640146/fulltext.pdf
  21. Pedestrian Safety Guide for Transit Agencies, FHWA, 2008.

Roadway Design

  1. Guide for the development of Bicycle Facilities, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2012.
  2. Hunter, W., L. Thomas, and J. Stutts, BIKESAFE:  Bicycle Countermeasure Selection System, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-SA-05-006, May 2006.
  3. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, FHWA, 2009.
  4. NACTO Urban Bicycle Design Guide, National Association of Cities, October 2012.
  5. Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part II: Best Practices Design Guide, FHWA. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/sidewalk2/sidewalks205.cfm
  6. Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010), Transportation Research Board, 2010.
  7. Proven Safety Countermeasures, “Road Diet”, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, FHWA-SA-12-013, 2012.
  8. Rosales, Jennifer, Road Diet Handbook – Setting Trends for Livable Streets, Institute of Transportation Engineers, July 2009.
  9. Proven Safety Countermeasures, “Medians and Crossing Islands in Urban and Suburban Areas”, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, FHWA-SA-12-013, 2012.
  10. Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG)
  11. Proposed Accessibility Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-of-Way (PROWAAG).
  12. Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban Thoroughfares for Walkable Communities, Institute for Transportation Engineers.
  13. Guide for the development of Pedestrians Facilities, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
  14. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book), AASHTO.
  15. Schroeder, Bastian J., NCHRP 3-78 Update: Crossing Solutions for Pedestrians with Vision Impairments at Roundabouts and Channelized Right Turn Lanes-Update, ITE Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, August 7, 2007.

Intersection Design

  1. Public Right of Way Guidelines, U.S. Access Board, May 2010.
  2. Rodegerdts, L., et. al. “Roundabouts: An Informational Guide”, Second Edition, 2010.
  3. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, FHWA, 2009.
  4. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book), AASHTO.
  5. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 674, “Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities” (http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_674.pdf)
  6. FHWA report “Roundabouts, An Informational Guide” http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/00067/index.cfm
  7. Rodegerdts, et. al.  Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide, 9.1.1, Reduce Curb Radius, Federal Highway Administration, August, 2004.
  8. Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares, Institute of Transportation Engineers,  A Context Sensitive Approach, Chapter 10 Intersection Guidelines.
  9. Hughes, W., et. al.  Alternative Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Guide, FHWA-HRT-09-060, April, 2010.

Traffic Calming

  1. Overall Resources on Traffic Calming from http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/planning/facilities.cfm
  2. ITE’s Traffic Calming State of the Practice (OLD): http://www.ite.org/traffic/tcstate.asp#tcsop
  3. Ewing and Brown’s “U.S. Traffic Calming Manual”, May, 2013
  4. Active Design Guidelines: http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/html/design/active_design.shtml
  5. The Effects of Traffic Calming Measures on Pedestrian and Motorist Behaviors: http://katana.hsrc.unc.edu/cms/downloads/TrafficCalmingMeasures_Effects_PedMotorist.pdf
  6. Netherlands Crossing Facilities Document: http://www.swov.nl/rapport/Factsheets/UK/FS_Crossing_facilities.pdf
  7. Reid Ewing’s “Pedestrian and Transit-Friendly Design: A Primer for Smart Growth”: http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/pdf/ptfd_primer.pdf
  8. Traffic Circle Program, City of Seattle, WA.  Available:  www.seattle.gov/transportation/trafficcircles.htm
  9. Updated Guidelines for the Design and Application of Speed Humps: http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/AB07H1101.pdf

Signals and Signs

  1. Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, Washington, DC, 2009.
  2. NCHRP Report 562: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings. Transportation Research Board. 2006. Accessed at: http://www.trb.org/Main/Public/Blurbs/157723.aspx.
  3. Accessible Pedestrian Signals: A Guide for Best Practice. http://www.apsguide.org/
  4. Zegeer, C.V., K.S. Opiela, and M.J. Cynecki, Pedestrian Signalization Alternatives, Report No. FHWA/RD-83-102, Federal Highway Safety Administration, Washington, DC, 1983
  5. New York Metropolitan Transportation Council, Pedestrian Safety in the NYMTC Region, New York, NY, 2007.
  6. Van Houten, Ron et al., Field Evaluation of a Leading Pedestrian Interval Signal Phase at Three Urban Intersections, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA, April 1997.
  7. Lalani, N., Alternative Treatments for At-Grade Pedestrian Crossings. Institute of Transportation Engineers Pedestrian and Bicycle Task Force, Washington, D.C. 2001. 
  8. Leonard, J., M. Juckes, and B. Clement. Behavioral Evaluation of Pedestrians and Motorists Toward Pedestrian Countdown Signals. Laval, Quebec: Dessau-Soprin, Inc., March 1999.
  9. Hughes, Ronald, H. Huang, C.V. Zegeer, and M. Cynecki, Evaluation of Automated Pedestrian Detection at Signalized Intersections, Report No. FHWA/RD-00/097, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, August 2000.
  10. Zegeer, C.V. and M.J. Cynecki, Methods of Increasing Pedestrian Safety at Right-Turn-on-Red Intersections, Report No. FHWA/RD-85/047, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, March 1985.
  11. Boston Complete Streets Guidelines. Guidelines for marking Crosswalks. Boston Transportation Department, http://bostoncompletestreets.org/, 2010.
  12. Federal Highway Administration, Safety Effectiveness of the HAWK Pedestrian Crossing Treatment, Washington D.C., 2010.
  13. FHWA Proven Safety Countermeasures: Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon
  14. Shurbutt, J. and Van Houten, R., Effects of Yellow Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons on Yielding at Multilane Uncontrolled Crosswalks. FHWA-HRT-10-043. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, September 2010.

Other Measures

  1. The Safe Routes to School Guide, The National Center for Safe Routes to School.  Available:   http://guide.saferoutesinfo.org/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5463FD69-F7B9-477D-B9AA-D21CEEFCF722/0/SchoolAdminGuide.pdf.
  2. Maryland Safe Routes to School Guidebook:  A Guide for Parents and Communities.  Maryland Department of Transportation.  Available:  http://www.mdot.maryland.gov/Office%20of%20Planning%20and%20Capital%20Programming/Bicycle/SafeRoutesToSchool/SafeRoutesToSchoolGuidebook.pdf.
  3. School Walk and Bike Routes:  A Guide for Planning and Improving Walk and Bike Routes to School Options for Students.  Washington State Department of Transportation.  March, 2010.  Available:  http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5463FD69-F7B9-477D-B9AA-D21CEEFCF722/0/SchoolAdminGuide.pdf.
  4. Adult School Crossing Guard Guidelines.  National Center for Safe Routes to School.  Available:  http://guide.saferoutesinfo.org/crossing_guard/pdf/crossing_guard_guidelines_web.pdf.
  5. Street Beautification and Neighborhood Image-Building:  Neighborhood Identification of Signs.  City of Madison, WI.  Available:  http://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/buildb/street_beautification.htm 
  6. Shoup, D C. Cruising for Parking. Transport Policy, Volume 13, Issue 6, 2006, pp 479-486.
  7. Model Design Manual for Living Streets.  Los Angeles, California.  2011.  Available:  http://modelstreetdesignmanual.com/model_street_design_manual.pdf.
  8. Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates.  Back-in/Head-out Angle Parking. January, 2005.  Available:  http://www.hampdenhappenings.org/HCC_WEB/Zoning_Pdf/RAP/San_Francisco.pdf
  9. The City of Rockville Department of Recreation & Parks. The Maryland Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Education Program Administrator’s Guide. March 2003. Available:  http://www.waba.org/education/documents/MDAdministratorsGuide_000.pdf.
  10. Poole, Bryan. White Paper – Automated Enforcement System, unpublished, 2012, 14p.
  11. I Walk in My Street: A Guide to Planning Successful Pedestrian Streets in New York City.  March 2009, http://transalt.org/files/newsroom/reports/2009/walk_in_my_street.pdf  
  12. American Traffic Safety Services Association, Pedestrian Safety and Accessibility in Workzones, http://www.workzonesafety.org/files/documents/training/fhwa_wz_grant/atssa_pedestrian_work_zones.pdf. Accessed June 25, 2012.
  13. The American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA).  Pedestrians Checklist and Considerations for Temporary Traffic Control Zones.  Available:  http://www.workzonesafety.org/files/documents/training/fhwa_wz_grant/atssa_pedestrian_checklist.pdf.
  14. American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA). Pedestrian Safety and Accessibility in Work Zones.  PowerPoint Presentation .  Available:  http://www.workzonesafety.org/files/documents/training/fhwa_wz_grant/atssa_pedestrian_work_zones.pdf. 
  15. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Code Devices.  The Federal Highway Administration, Work Zone Guidance, 2009.  Available:   http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2/mutcd2009r1r2edition.pdf.
  16. Operation Lifesavers Website, Federal Highway Administration, Rail Safety Education.  Available: http://oli.org/
  17. New Jersey Safety along Railroads - Short-Term Action Plan. New Jersey Department of Transportation; New Jersey Transit Corporation, 2012, 13p.
  18. Ogden, Brent D. Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing handbook - Revised Second Edition 2007. Institute of Transportation Engineers; Federal Highway Administration, 2007, 324p
  19. Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Handbook.  Federal Highway Administration, Revised Second Edition, August, 2007.  Available:  http://www.ite.org/decade/pubs/TB-019-E.pdf.
  20. New Jersey Safety Along Railroads – Short-Term Action Plan.   New Jersey Department of Transportation.  February, 2012.  Available: http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/pedsafety/pdf/NJSafetyalongRailroads_000.pdf.
  21. Compilation of Pedestrian Safety Devices In Use at Grade Crossings, the Federal Railroad Administration, 2008.  Available:  http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/Jan08_Ped_Devices_at_GX2.pdf.
  22. Guidance on Pedestrian Crossing Safety at or Near Passenger Stations, the Federal Railroad Administration, April 2012.  Available:   http://www.fra.dot.gov/rrs/downloads/PedestrianCrossingSafetyat_orNearPassengerStations.pdf.
  23. Festival Streets. Portland, Oregon.  Available: http://www.streetfilms.org/portland-or-festival-streets/.
  24. Meisel, Drew and Adrian Witte, Alta Planning and Design. Shared Streets and Alleyways – White Paper, draft, February 2011. http://www.ashlandtsp.com/system/datas/98/original/AshlandTSP_SharedStreetsWP_020211.pdf, accessed June 20, 2012.
  25. City of Portland: Bureau of Transportation. Portland Streetcar System Concept Plan: A Framework for Future Corridor Planning and Alternatives Analysis, 2009, http://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/321180, accessed June 22, 2012.

Authors and Acknowledgements